| Country name: | United Mexican States |
| Government type: | Federal presidential republic |
| Capital: | Mexico City |
| Administrative divisions: | 32 states |
| Independence: | 16 September 1810 (declared independence from Spain) |
| Legal system: | Civil law system with US constitutional law influence; judicial review of legislative acts |
| Total area: | Land 1,943,945 sq km, water 20,430 sq km, coastline 9,330 km, land boundaries 4,389 km |
| Natural resources: | Petroleum, silver, antimony, copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas, timber |
| Land use: | Agricultural land 54.9%, forest 33.3%, other 11.8% (2011 est.) |
| Population: | 125,959,205 (July 2018 est.) |
| Ethnic groups: | Mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Amerindian 21%, Amerindian 7%, other 10% (mostly European) (2012 est.) |
| Languages: | Spanish only 92.7%, Spanish and indigenous languages 5.7%, indigenous only 0.8%, unspecified 0.8% (2005) |
| Religions: | Roman Catholic 82.7%, Pentecostal 1.6%, Jehovah's Witness 1.4%, other Evangelical Churches 5%, other 9.3% (2010 est.) |
| Age structure: | Median age 28.6 years, life expectancy 76.3 years, total fertility rate 2.22 children born/woman (2018 est.) |
| Urbanization: | Urban population: 80.4% of total population (2019) |
| Literacy: |
Total population: 94.9%, male: 95.8%, female: 94% (2015 est.)
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| Unemployment: | Unemployment youth ages (15-24): 6.9% |
Mexico's $2.4 trillion economy – 11th largest in the world - has become increasingly oriented toward manufacturing since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) entered into force in 1994. Per capita income is roughly one-third that of the US; income distribution remains highly unequal.
Mexico has become the US' second-largest export market and third-largest source of imports. In 2017, two-way trade in goods and services exceeded $623 billion. Mexico has free trade agreements with 46 countries, putting more than 90% of its trade under free trade agreements. In 2012, Mexico formed the Pacific Alliance with Peru, Colombia, and Chile.
Mexico's current government has emphasized economic reforms, passing and implementing sweeping energy, financial, fiscal, and telecommunications reform legislation, among others, with the long-term aim to improve competitiveness and economic growth across the Mexican economy. Since 2015, Mexico has held public auctions of oil and gas exploration and development rights and for long-term electric power generation contracts.
Growth is predicted to remain below potential given falling oil production, weak oil prices, structural issues such as low productivity, high inequality, a large informal sector employing over half of the workforce, weak rule of law, and corruption.
